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''Bumiputera'' or ''Bumiputra'' (Jawi: بوميڤوترا) is a Malaysian term to describe the Malay race and other indigenous peoples of Southeast Asia, and used particularly in Malaysia. The term comes from the Sanskrit word ''bhumiputra'' (भूमिपुत्र), which can be translated literally as "son of the land" or "son of the soil" (''bhumi''= earth or land, ''putra''=son). In the 1970s, the Malaysian government implemented policies which ''The Economist'' called "racially discriminatory" designed to favour ''bumiputras'' (including affirmative action in public education) to create opportunities, and to defuse inter-ethnic tensions following the extended violence against Chinese Malaysians in the 13 May Incident in 1969. These policies have succeeded in creating a significant urban Malay and even a Native Bornean middle class as well. They have been less effective in eradicating poverty among rural communities. Some analysts have noted a backlash of resentment from excluded groups, in particular the sizeable Chinese and Indian Malaysian minorities. ==Definition== The concept of a ''bumiputra'' ethnic group in Malaysia was coined by Tun Abdul Razak. It recognised the "special position" of the Malays provided in the Federal Constitution of Malaysia, in particular Article 153. But, the constitution does not use the term "bumiputra"; it defines only "Malay" and "indigenous peoples" (Article 160(2)),〔("Part XII: General and Miscellaneous, Constitution of Malaysia (Articles 152–160)" ), ''helplinelaw.com''. Accessed 30 May 2007〕 "natives" of Sarawak (161A(6)(a)),〔(Part XIIA: Additional Protections for States of Sabah and Sarawak, Constitution of Malaysia (Articles 161 – 161h) ), ''helplinelaw''. Accessed 30 May 2007〕 and "natives" of Sabah (Article 161A(6) (b)).〔 Definitions of ''bumiputra'' in public use vary among different institutions, organisations, and government departments and agencies. In the book ''Buku Panduan Kemasukan ke Institusi Pengajian Tinggi Awam, Program Pengajian Lepasan SPM/Setaraf Sesi Akademik 2007/2008'' (Guidebook for entry into public higher learning institutions for SPM/equivalent graduates for academic year 2007/2008), the Malaysian Higher Education Ministry defined ''bumiputra'' as follows, depending on the region of origin of the individual applicant: # Peninsular Malaysia # * ''"If one of the parents is Muslim Malay/Orang Asli as stated in Article 160 (2) Federal Constitution of Malaysia; thus the child is considered as a Bumiputra"'' # Sabah # * ''"If the child was born is Sabah or the father was domiciled in Sabah at the time of birth, and one of the parents is indigenous natives of Sabah as stated in Article 161A (6)(b) Federal Constitution of Malaysia; thus his child is considered as a Bumiputra"'' # Sarawak # * ''"If both of the parent are indigenous natives of Sarawak as stated in Article 161A (6)(a) Federal Constitution of Malaysia; thus their child is considered as a Bumiputra"'' In addition to the interpretation given above, a broader definition of bumiputra include groups such as the Indonesian Pribumis, Malaysian Siamese, Muslim Indian Malaysians, Straits Chinese or Peranakan and the Kristang people of Portuguese-Eurasian descent.〔("Malaysia: The People of Malaysia" ), TripAdvisor〕 Most of these encompass communities that were established in southeast Asia prior to the arrival of the British colonialists who forever altered the demographics of Malaysia. Others favour a definition encompassing all children of Bumiputra; there have been notable cases of people with one Bumiputra parent and one non-Bumiputra parent being dismissed as non-Bumiputra.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Bumiputera (Malaysia)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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